Under constructuion!!!
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)
Ceramide
- Sphingomyelinase (SMase) or sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase is a hydrolase involved in sphingolipid metabolism. It catalyzes the breakdown of sphingomyelin (SM) to phosphocholine and ceramide[1].
- Acid-beta-glucosidase or glucosylceramidase is a lysozomal enzyme (EC number 3.2.1.45), which cleaves glucosylceramide to glucose and ceramide. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the sphingolipid, , to at the acidic pH prevailing within the lysosome. .
- The molecular function of galactosylceramidase is hydrolysis of a O-glycosyl bond to remove galactose from ceramide and other sphingolipids.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
Glucosylceramide
Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2)
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binds to and directly activates inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Inward rectifier KCh.
Prostaglandins
Endocannabinoids
Retinol derivatives
Retinal
Retinoic acid
Steroid Hormones and their receptors
Glucocorticoids
- Glucocorticoid receptor
- Forkhead box proteins (FOX) are transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression.[2]. FOXO1 activation contributes to glucocorticoid-induced beta cell death[3].
- Nuclear receptor coactivator (NCOA) is a protein recruited by nuclear receptors in order to enhance or repress DNA transcription. NCOA is involved in coactivation with transcription factors[4]. NCOA1 shows histone acetyltransferase activity and is required for steroid hormone response. NCOA2 is a DNA transcription coactivator with glucocorticoid receptor.
- Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) is an enzyme which reduces thioredoxin using NADPH[5]. Mutations in TrxR-2 are associated with familial glucocorticoid deficiency[6].
- Microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) converts cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandin to PGE2. It is membrane-associated and belongs to the microsomal glutathione S-transferase family. PGES is preferentially linked with the inducible COX-2[7] . PGES is induced by proinflammatory stimuli and down-regulated by anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids[8].
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
- Androgen receptor
- Heat shock factor (HSF) are transcriptional activators of heat shock genes. HSF bind to heat shock sequence elements throughout the genome with a consensus array of three oppositely oriented sequence AGGAN and activate transcription. Each HSF monomer contains one C-terminal and 3 N-terminal leucine zippers. Two sequences flanking the N-terminal leucine zippers contain the consensus nuclear localization signal (NLS). The DNA-binding domain (DBD residues 193-281) of HSF lies in the N-terminal of the first NLS region[9]. Depletion of HSF-1 is associated with accumulation of pathogenic androgen receptor in neurodegenerative diseases[10].
- Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP); Epididymal RABP (ERABP) is an androgen-dependent RABP present in the lumen of the epididymis believed to be involved in sperm maturation. ERABP binds specifically all-trans- and 9-cis-RA.
- Aromatase. The primary function of aromatase is to produce estrogens by aromatizing androgens. Aromatase is the only known enzyme in vertebrates capable of catalyzing the aromatization of a six-membered ring[11].
- Student Project 1 for UMass Chemistry 423 Spring 2015. Protein kinase C related kinase 1 (PRK1) is a component of Rho-GTPase, histone demethylase, androgen receptor, and histone demethylase signaling pathways and is involved in ovary and prostate cancer. A lot of PRK1 is expressed in cases of ovarian serous carcinoma.
- Finasteride
- Zolinza (Vorinostat)
Estrogens
Progestogens
Progesterone
Progesterone is a negative allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and a potent antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
Some eicosanoid hormones (prostanoids) also activate the PPARγ members of the steroid/thyroid family of nuclear hormone receptors.
