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Elongation factors (EF) facilitate translational elongation during the formation of peptide bonds in the ribosome.
- EF-selB is selenocysteine-specific EF.
- EF-Tu or EF 1-α (elongation factor thermo unstable) is a prokaryotic EF. EF-Tu contributes to translational accuracy. It catalyzes the addition of aminoacyl tRNA.
- EF-Ts or EF 1-β (elongation factor thermo stable) catalyzes the release of GDP from EF-Tu.
- EF-G translocates the peptidyl tRNA from the A site to the P site while moving the mRNA through the ribosome.
- EF-SII helps RNA polymerase II to bypass blocks to elongation.
- EF-ELL2 enhances polyadenylation and exon skipping with the gene encoding the immunoglobulin heavy-chain complex.
- EF-GreA or GreB are cleavage factors allowing the resumption of elongation.
- EF-NusA recruits translesion DNA polymerases to gaps encountered during translation.
- EF-P alters the ribosome affinity to aminoacyl-tRNA.
- EF-1 γ acts during the delivery of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosome.
- EF-2 promotes the translocation of the nascent protein chain from the A site to the P site on the ribosome.
- EF-3 is a unique EF in fungi hence it provides an anti-fungal drug target.
- EF Spt4, Spt5, Spt6 are conserved among eukaryotes. They modulate the chromatin structure.
- EF-CA150 is believed to play a role in coupling transcription and splicing.
- Elongin B and C complex is involved in the proteasomal degredation of target proteins.
For EF-3 see HEAT Repeat
For EF-SelB see SelB.
3D structures of elongation factor
Updated on 29-March-2015
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- 1efm, 1efc, 1dg1, 2fx3, 1etu – EcEF – Escherichia coli
- 1qzd – EcEF – Cryo EM
- 3u2q – EcEF + drug
- 1mj1 – EcEF + Phe-tRNA + S12 + S13 + L11 – Cryo EM
- 3ep2 - EcEF + tRNA + S12 + L11 + 16SRRNA + 23SRRNA – Cryo EM
- 1ttt, 1ob5 – TaEF + Phe-tRNA + GDPNP - Thermus aquaticus
- 1b23 - TaEF + Cys-tRNA
- 1ls2 – yEF + Phe-tRNA – yeast – Cryo EM
- 3agj – ApEF + plethora protein – Aeropyrum pernix
- 4h9g, 4lbv, 4lbw, 4lby, 4lbz, 4lc0 – TtEF – Thermus thermophilus
- 4j0q – EF – Pseudomonas putida
- EF-Tu complex with antibiotics
- 1ob2 - yEF + Phe-tRNA + antibiotic
- 4abr - TtEF + antibiotic in 30S ribosome
- 1ha3 - TtEF + antibiotic + GDP
- 2c77, 2c78 - TtEF + antibiotic + GTP analog
- 3fic, 3fic – TtEF + antibiotic in 70S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 2bvn - EcEF + GDP
NP + antibiotic
- 1d8t, 2hcj, 2hdn, 3u6b, 3u6k, 4g5g – EcEF + antibiotic
- EF-Tu complex with nucleotide
- 1efu – EcEF + GDP
- 1exm – TtEF + GTP analog
- 1eft – TaEF + GNP – Thermus aquaticus
- 1tui – TaEF + GDP
- 1d2e – bEF + GDP – bovine
- 1jny, 1skq – SsEF + GDP – Sulfolobus solfataricus
- 3wya – PhEF + GDP - Pyrococcus horikoshii
- EF-Tu complex with protein
- 3vmf – ApEF + translation termination factor
- 3wxm – ApEF + protein pelota homolog
- 3wy9 – PhEF + L12
- 4p3y – EcEF + thiol:disulfide interchange protein
- 1efu, 3agp, 3agq – EcEF + EcEF-Ts
- 3avt, 3avu , 3avv, 3avw, 3avx, 3avy, 3vnu , 3vnv, 4fwt – EcEF + EcEF-Ts + RNA
- 3mmp – EcEF + EcEF-Ts + RNA replicase beta chain
- 4q7j – EcEF + EcEF-Ts + Q beta replicase + S1
- 1aip - TtEF + TtEF-Ts - Thermus thermophilus
- 1xb2 – bEF + EF-Ts - bovine
- 1f60 – yEF + EF-Ts C terminal
- 1g7c - yEF + EF-Ts C terminal + GDPNP
- 1ije, 1ijf - yEF + EF-Ts C terminal + GDP
- 2b7b - yEF + EF-Ts C terminal (mutant) + GDP
- 2b7c - yEF + EF-Ts C terminal (mutant)
- 3eq3, 3eq4 – EcEF in 80S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 3izv, 3izw, 3fih - EcEF in 30S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 1zc8, 3dwu – TtEF in 70S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 2wrn, 2wrq, 2xqd, 2y0u, 2y0w, 2y0y, 2y10, 2y12, 2y14, 2y16, 2y18 - TtEF in 70S ribosome
- 1tfi – hEF – human – NMR
- 3ndq - hEF domain II
- 1enw – yEF domain II – NMR
- 1eo0 - yEF domain I – NMR
- 2xex – SaEF – Staphylococcus aureus
- 1pqv, 1y1v – yEF + RNA polymerase II
- 1y1y, 3gtm – yEF + RNA polymerase II + RNA
- 1wjt – mEF N terminal – mouse – NMR
- 2m1h – EF PWWP domain – Trypanosoma brucei – NMR
- 2e5n – hEF N2 domain - NMR
- 1efg, 1elo, 1ktv, 1wdt, 2dy1 – TtEF
- 4m1k, 4myt, 4myu – TtEF (mutant)
- 1pn6, 3izp – TtEF – Cryo EM
- 4b8f, 4b8h – TtEF in 70S ribosome
- 4juw, 4kbt, 4kbv, 4kcy, 4kd0, 4kd8, 4kda, 4kdg, 4kdj, 4btc – TtEF in 30S ribosome
- 4kiy, 4kj0, 4kj2, 4kj4, 4kj6, 4kj8, 4kja, 4kjc – EcEF in 30S ribosome
- 3j5n – EcEF in 30S ribosome – Cryo-EM
- 3j5x – EcEF in 30S ribosome + antibiotics – Cryo-EM
- 1fnm, 2bm0, 2bm1 – TtEF (mutant)
- 2bcw – TtEF + L11 + L7/L12
- 2xex – SaEF
- 3zz0, 3zzt, 3zzu – SaEF (mutant)
- 2bv3 - TtEF (mutant) + GTP analog
- 2j7k - TtEF (mutant) + GDP analog
- 2om7, 2wri, 2wrk – TtEF in 70S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 2xsy, 2xuy - TtEF in 70S ribosome
- 1dar, 2efg – TtEF + GDP
- 1jqm, 1jqs – EcEF + L11 – Cryo EM
- 1zn0, 2rdo, 3j0e, 3j18 – EcEF in 30S ribosome – Cryo-EM
- 4fn5 – PaEF - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- 2pn0 – EF – Nitrosomonas europaea
- 2p4v – EcEF-GreB
- 1grj – EcEF-GreA
- 1wcl, 1wcn – EcEF C terminal – NMR
- 2kwp - EcEF N terminal – NMR
- 2jzb – EcEF + RNA polymerase subunit α - NMR
- 1ueb – TtEF
- 3huw, 3huy – TtEF in 70S ribosome
- 3oyy – PaEF
- 3tre – EF – Coxiella burnetii
- 3a5z – EcEF + lysyl-tRNA synthetase
- 1yby – EF – Clostridium thermocellum
- 1tfe – TtEF
- 1b64 – hEF guanine exchange factor domain – NMR
- 2cp9 – UBA domain – NMR
- 1gh8 – EF – Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum – NMR
- 2yy3 – PhEF
- 2uz8 – hEF (mutant)
- 1nhy – yEF N terminal
- 1pbu – hEF C terminal (mutant) - NMR
- 1n0v – yEF
- 1u2r – yEF + GDP
- 1n0u, 2e1r, 2npf – yEF + antifungal drug
- 1zm2, 1zm3, 1zm4, 1zm9, 3b78, 3b82, 3b8h, 2zit – yEF + exotoxin
- 1s1h - hEF in 40S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 4cxg, 4cxh - rEF in 40S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 2p8w, 2p8x, 3dny - yEF in 80S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 2p8y, 2p8z - yEF+ antifungal drug in 80S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 2ix3 – yEF
- 2iwh – yEF + ADPNP
- 2iw3 – yEF + ADP
- 2ix8 – yEF in 80S ribosome – Cryo EM
- 2ywh, 2ywe, 2ywf, 2ywg - AalepA + nucleotide - Aquifex aeolicus
- 3cb4 - EclepA
- 3deg - EclepA in 70S ribosome + GMPPNP – Cryo EM
- 1lva – MtEF C terminal – Moorella thermoacetica
- 2v9v – MtEF winged helix domain
- 1wsu, 2uwm – MtEF + RNA
- 2ply – MtEF (mutant) + RNA
- 1wb2, 4aca – MmEF – Methanococcus maripaludis
- 1wb3, 4acb – MmEF + GTP analog
- 4ac9, 1wb1 – MmEF + GDP
- 2pjp – EcEF + RNA
- 1lqb, 1lm8 – hEloBC + von-Hippel Lindau disease tumor suppressor + hypoxia inducible factor 1 α
- 3zrc, 3ztc, 3ztd, 3zun - hEloBC + von-Hippel Lindau disease tumor suppressor + inhibitor
- 3zrf - hEloBC + von-Hippel Lindau disease tumor suppressor
- 2c9w, 2izv, [[2jz3 – hEloBC + suppressor of cytokine signaling
- 3dcg – hEloBC + virion infectivity factor
- 2xai - hEloBC + ankyrin rep
- 1vcb – hEloBC + VHL
- 2fnj - mEloBC + GUSTAVUS
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