Introduction
Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 (commonly referred to as LPA1) is a G protein-coupled receptor and one of 6 different LPA receptors (LPA1-LPA6) that bind the phospholipid derivative lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a signaling molecule that acts as a potent mitogen upon binding to one of its six receptors.[1], ----------- LPA1 is part of the larger EDG receptor family(link) which includes the more widely known sphingosine 1-phopshate receptors.
Structure
Image:ABP.png Electrostatic illustration of the amphipathic binding pocket of the LPA1 receptor.
The LPA1 receptor protein is composed of 364 amino acids with a mass of approximately 41 kDa. Just as other G-protein coupled receptors, LPA1 contains seven alpha helices which make up the seven transmembrane spanning domains with three intracellular loops and three extracellular loops. The amino terminus of this protein is located on the extracellular side of the membrane, while the carboxyl terminus is located on the intracellular side of the membrane.[2]. Within these helices is an amphipathic binding pocket which stabilizes the binding of its ligand, LPA.
Key Ligand Interactions
Image:ON7.png Overall structure of the LPA1 receptor in tan interacting with its antagonist, ON7, shown in green and red sticks.
Three separate interactions with an antagonist of LPA1, ON7, help demonstrate the key interactions that stabilize the binding of the LPA phospholipid to this receptor. At the polar region of the binding pocket, the majority of this region is stabilized by forming ionic and polar interactions with the carboxylic acid and the hydroxyl group of ON7.[1] In addition, interplay between causes another stabilizing component of the ON7 antagonist. Glu293 forms polar interactions with Lys39, positioning it in close proximity to to the carboxylic acid of ON7, which then interactions with Lys39 via ionic bonding.[1] While Lys39 is highly conserved among all six LPA receptors, a His40 residue is present that is specific to the LPA1 receptor. forms both ionic and polar interactions with the carboxylic acid of ON7. The protonation of this residue has been found to greatly affect the binding affinity of LPA, and is an important link to tumor growth and survival in acidic environments.[1]
Function
The LPA1 receptor is present in nearly all cells and tissues throughout the body, and deletion of the LPA1 receptor has been found to have physiological effects on every organ system, indicating its wide range of functions. Specifically, this receptor has been found to initiate downstream signaling cascades with three Gα proteins: Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13. These Gα proteins begin signaling cascades with molecules such as phospholipase C and MAPK that signal for cell proliferation, survival, and migration. [3].Despite this receptor being expressed throughout the body, LPA1 has been found to be expressed highly in neural tissue, aiding in several different neurodevelopmental processes including growth and folding of the cerebral cortex and the growth, survival, and migration of neural progenitor cells through its different link G-protein regulated pathways.[4]. Finally, LPA1 receptors expressed in neural tissue aid in Schwann cell migration and myelination through a signaling pathway with the Rac1 G-protein.[5].
Disease Relevance
Because LPA1 is expressed in so many tissues throughout the body, it has been linked to the symptoms and progression of several different diseases and disorders. For example, due to LPA1's role in pain signaling, overexpression of this protein can cause both allodynia or hyperalgesia, common symptoms of multiple sclerosis or strokes. In addition, since LPA1 helps in the myelination of Schwann cells, mutation of the receptor can also lead to a decrease in prepulse inhibition, a general sign of schizophrenia.[6].Lastly, because of the mitogen signaling activity of LPA1, abnormal expression or mutation of this receptor has been linked to tumor growth, survival, and migration in both liver and lung tumors. As recently discussed, the His40 on LPA1, when protonated, increased LPA binding affinity is increase by up to 1kcal/mol. Because of this, in an acidic environment that is typically produced by hypoxic tumors creating lactic acid, LPA1 activity is increased, allowing these tumors to continue to proliferate, migrate, and survive.[7]. In contrast, the LPA1 receptor has also been found to induce protective functions in the presence of a particular illness. For example, in patients with heart disease, LPA1 has been found to communicate with PI3K, PKB, and ERK to create a hypertrophic response in the heart in order to offset reduced heart contractions.
Receptor Comparison
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor
LPA1 belongs to the EDG (endothelial differentiation gene) family of lysophospholipid receptors. This family also includes the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), which has many structural similarities to LPA1. In fact, the transmembrane regions share a sequence identity of 41%. A defining difference between these two receptors is their mode of ligand access to the binding site. Where as the hydrophobic S1P ligand enters S1P1 via the membrane, LPA1 has an extracellular opening that allows LPA access from the extracellular space. Structural evidence for this altered ligand pathway include global changes in the positioning of the extracellular loops (ECL) and transmembrane helices (TM). Specifically, this includes slight divergence of , which is positioned 3 angstroms closer to TMVII compared to S1P1, and a repositioning of , resulting in a divergence of 8 angstroms from S1P1. This narrowing of the gap between TMI and TMVII blocks membrane ligand access, while the greater distance between ECL3 and the other extracellular loops promotes extracellular access. Additionally, ECL0 is helical in S1P1, but lacks secondary structure in LPA1. This increased flexibility that results further promotes favorable access from the extracellular space.
Endocannabinoid Receptor 1
LPA1 also is closely related to the cannabinoid receptor CB1. This close relation gives CB1 the ability to bind to analogs of LPA and vice versa, which opens the possibility of metabolic crosstalk between the two signaling systems. This connection is made possible through ligand phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Specifically, complementary access to the LPA1 binding pocket can be achieved by phosphorylated CB1 ligand analogs, while complementary access to the CB1 binding site required dephosphorylation of LPA1 ligand analogs. In both cases, a ligand could serve as a primary receptor modulator and a simultaneous prodrug for a different receptor.
