Peptide/protein & many eicosanoid hormones act via Transmembrane (cell surface) receptors

Receptors for most peptide/protein as well as many eicosanoid hormones are embedded in the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell and the majority of these receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers a cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, described as signal transduction, often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP).

Some peptide/protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism.

Follicle-stimulating hormone and receptor (GPCR Subfamily A10)

• Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Complexed with its Receptor

Adrenaline and Adrenergic receptors (GPCR Subfamily A17)

• Adrenergic receptors in general

β1 adrenergic receptor

• 3D structures in Adrenergic receptor.
• Beta-1 Adrenergic receptor
• G_s: adenylate cyclase activated, cAMP up.

β2 adrenergic receptor

• The human β2 adrenergic receptor bound to a G-protein (3sn6) is featured in a scene above, and additional structures are on the Adrenergic receptor page.
• Article Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor by Wayne Decatur, David Canner, Dotan Shaniv, Joel L. Sussman, Michal Harel
• Article Beta-2 adrenergic receptor by Joel L. Sussman, Tala Curry, Michal Harel, Jaime Prilusky
• Group:SMART:A Physical Model of the beta-Adrenergic Receptor
• G_s: adenylate cyclase activated, cAMP up. For G_s see Beta2 adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex updated.

Neurotensin and receptor (GPCR class A)

• Neurotensin
• Neurotensin receptor

Glucagon and receptor (GPCR Subfamily B1)

• Glucagon
• User:Mary Ball/Glucagon
• Glucagon receptor

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GPCR Subfamily B1)

• Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor (GPCR Subfamily B1)

• Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor

Human growth hormone and receptor

Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is transmembrane protein consisting of 620 amino acids. GHR contains two fibronectin type III β domains in its extracellular domain, whereas the intracellular domain contains tyrosine Kinase JAK2 binding sites for SH2 proteins. JAK2 is the primary signal transducer for growth hormone. Prolactin receptor (PRLR) can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone.

• Human growth hormone

Prolactin and receptor (Type I cytokine receptor)

• Prolactin receptor

Erythropoietin and receptor (Type I cytokine receptor)

• Erythropoietin
• Erythropoietin receptor

Insulin and receptor (RTK class II)

• Insulin
• Insulin receptor
• Diabetes & Hypoglycemia
  
• Insulin (Hebrew)
  
• Insulin glargine
  
• Insulin and pro-insulin (Hebrew)
  
• Insulin-Degrading Enzyme
  
• Molecular_Playground/Insulin
  
• Insulin Structure & Function
  

Insulin-like Growth Factors and receptors (RTK)

• Insulin-like growth factor
• IGF1
• Page IGF1 created by Alec Nelson Kemp
• Insulin-like growth factor receptor

Steroid & thyroid hormones act via Intracellular receptors (nuclear receptors)

For steroid or thyroid hormones, their receptors are located inside the cell within the cytoplasm of the target cell. These receptors belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. To bind their receptors, these hormones must first cross the cell membrane. They can do so because they are lipid-soluble. The combined hormone-receptor complex then moves across the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific DNA sequences, regulating the expression of certain genes, and thereby increasing the levels of the proteins encoded by these genes.

However, it has been shown that not all steroid receptors are located inside the cell. Some are associated with the plasma membrane.

Thyroid Hormone Receptor-like

Thyroid hormone receptor

• Thyroid hormone receptor

Estrogen Receptor-like

Estrogen receptor

• Estrogen receptor
• Ivan Koutsopatriy estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptor alpha

• Estrogen receptor#Structure of estradiol metal chelate and estrogen receptor complex: The basis for designing a new class of SERMs ^[1]
• Estrogen receptor#Estrogen receptor α complexed with raloxifene and a corepressor peptide
• Tamoxifen and the Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptor beta

• Student Project 10 for UMass Chemistry 423 Spring 2015

Estrogen-related receptor

3-Ketosteroid receptors

Glucocorticoid receptor

Mineralocorticoid receptor

Progesterone receptor

Androgen receptor

Some eicosanoid hormones (prostanoids) also activate the PPARγ members of the steroid/thyroid family of nuclear hormone receptors

• PPARγ
• Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
• Pioglitazone

See also

• Hormone
• Growth factors