RNA polymerase

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Yeast RNA polymerase II elongation complex C complexed with DNA and RNA and Zn+2 (grey) and Mg+2 (green) ions 3m3y. Subunit B1 (grey), B2 (green), B3 (pink), B9 (wheat), B11 (rust), ABC1 (magenta), ABC2 (cyan), ABC3 (red), ABC4 (aqua), ABC5 (blue) (PDB code 3m3y).

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3D Structures of RNA polymerase

Updated on 05-January-2020 {{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|

  • Prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP
    • 2y0s – SsRNAP – Sulfolobus shibata
    • 1ryq - PfRNAP subunit ε - Pyrococcus furiosus
    • 1go3 – MjRNAP subunit RPB4, RPB7 - Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
    • 1iw7, 1smy, 6asg - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω Thermus thermophilus
    • 1doq - TtRNAP subunit α
    • 3lti– EcRNAP subunit β fragment – Escherichia coli
    • 4iqz - EcRNAP subunit β’
    • 3k4g, 1coo - EcRNAP subunit 
    • 1bdf - EcRNAP subunit α mutant)
    • 3lu0 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω – Electron diffraction
    • 2krc - BsRNAP subunit δ N-terminal – Bacillus subtilis – NMR
    • 2ly7 - BsRNAP subunit β NMR
    • 2m4k - BsRNAP subunit δ NMR
    • 4nc7, 4nc8 - BsRNAP subunit δ
    • 2max - HpRNAP subunit α - Helicobacter pylori - NMR
    • 1qyp – RNAP II C terminal – Thermococcus celer – NMR
    • 4kbj – MtuRNAP β subunit – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • 5uh7 - MtuRNAP subunit ’
    • 4noi – RNAP α subunit – Campylobacter jejuni
    • 1hqm – TaRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω Thermus aquaticus
    • 2gho - TaRNAP subunits α,β,β'
    • 2auj, 2auk - TaRNAP subunit β’
    • 1xpp – RNAP subunit L – Thermoplasma acidophilum
    • 2waq, 2wb1, 4ayb – SsRNAP
    • 3e7h – VcRNAP subunit – Vibrio cholera
    • 1ef4 – MtRNAP subunit RPB10 – Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus
    • 1eik - MtRNAP subunit RPB5 – NMR
    • 4qiw – TkRNAP subunits a’’+d+e’+f+h+k+l+n+p – Thermococcus kodakarensis
    • 4qjf - TkRNAP subunits e’+f
    • 4qjv - TkRNAP subunits d+l
    • 6fed, 6f6w – MsRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω - Mycobacterium smegmatis – Cryo EM
  • Prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP complex with DNA/RNA
    • 4v8s – SsRNAP + DNA
    • 3q22, 3q23]], 3q24, 4ff1, 4ff2, 4ff3, 4ff4 – RNAP + DNA – Enterobacteria phage N4
    • 2o5i, 2o5j, 4gzy, 4gzz, 4xln, 4xlr - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω + DNA +RNA
    • 5x22 - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω + DNA + RNA + CMPCPP
    • 5x21 - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω + DNA + RNA + antibiotic
    • [[4wqs, 4xlp, 4xlq, 4xls, 5tjg - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω + DNA
    • 2ppb - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω + antibiotic + DNA + RNA + substrate analog
    • 4yg2, 4jk1, 4jk2, 4jkr, 4kmu - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω RNA
    • 6flp, 6bjs, 6asx, 6alh, 6alf, 6rip, 6ri9 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω RNA + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 6rh3 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω RNA + DNA + GMP + CTP – Cryo EM
    • 4kn4, 4kn7 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β',ω RNA + antibiotic
  • Prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP complex with protein
    • 3p8b – PfRNAP subunit ε’’ + transcription antitermination protein
    • 3qqc - PfRNAP subunits β, ε’’ + transcription antitermination protein
    • 2be5- TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + inhibitor
    • 2cw0, 5tmf - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor
    • 3wod - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + GP39
    • 4mq9 - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + GE23077
    • 5tmc - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + protein
    • 3dxj, 3eql - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + antibiotic
    • 5xj0 - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + GP39 + GP76
    • 4wqt - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + RNA cleavage stimulating factor
    • 3mlq - TtRNAP subunit β + transcription-repair coupling factor
    • 3woe, 3wof - TtRNAP subunit β + GP39
    • 2lmc - EcRNAP subunit β + RNAP inhibitor
    • 3mmp - EcRNAP subunit β + EF-TU
    • 4ljz, 4lk1, 4mey, 4xsx, 4xsy, 4xsz, 4zh2, 4zh3 , 4zh4, 5byh, 5nwt, 5uag, 5uah, 5uaj, 5ual, 5uaq, 5ui8 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor
    • 6c9y - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor – Cryo EM
    • 4mex - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + salinamide
    • 4lk0, 4llg, 4mex, 4yfk, 4yfn, 4yfx - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + RNAP inhibitor
    • 5uac, 6cux - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + antibiotic
    • 6byu - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + PPAPP
    • 5w1s - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + TRAR
    • 6rin, 6ri7 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + GREB + RNA + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 5tbz - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’ + NusG – Cryo EM
    • 6fbv - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor – single particle EM
    • 5zx3 - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor
    • 6dve, 6dvd, 6dvc, 6dvb, 6dv9 - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA
    • 5zx2 - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + RNA
    • 3ihq, 1z3e, 3gfk - BsRNAP subunit α + regulatory protein SPX
    • 1l9u - TaRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor
    • 2jzb – RNAP subunit α + NusA transcription elongation factor – Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
    • 3tbi - RNAP subunit β + GP33 – Enterobacteria phage T4
    • 3lpe - MjRNAP subunit ε’’ + transcription antitermination protein
    • 6eyd - MsRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor – Cryo EM
  • Prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP complex with σ factor + DNA/RNA
    • 4oin, 4oio - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + GE23077 + DNA
    • 4oip - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + GE23077 + DNA + nucleotide
    • 4oiq, 4oir - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + GE23077 + DNA + antibiotic
    • 4g7h, 4g7o, 4g7z, 4q4z, 5d4d, 5d4e, 5voi, 6p70 - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA
    • 4q5s, 5d4c, 5e17, 5e18, 5vo8, 6p71, 6oy7, 6oy6, 6oy5, 6ow3, 6ovy, 6ovr - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + RNA
    • 5i2d - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + transcriptional regulator + DNA + RNA
    • 6cuu - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + antibiotic
    • 6n62 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA
    • 6n61 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + capistruin peptide
    • 6n60 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + microcin peptide
    • 5nsr, 5nss, 6gh6, 6gh5, 6ca0, 6omf - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 5vt0 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 4yln, 4ylo, 4ylp, 5ipl, 5ipm, 5ipn, 6gfw - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + RNA
    • 6b6h - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + CAP + DNA + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 6k4y - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + anti-s factor + MOTA + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 3iyd - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + catabolite gene activator + DNA
    • 4s20 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + RAPA + DNA
    • 5ms0 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + NusB + NusG + NusA + antitermination protein + RS10 + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 5uha - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA
    • 5uh9, 5uh8, 6jcy, 6jcx, 6jbq - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + RNA
    • 5uhg, 5uhc, 5uh6, 5uh5 - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + RNA + antibiotic
    • 5uhd, 5uhb - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + antibiotic
    • 5uhf, 5uhe - MtuRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA + RNA + inhibitor
    • 1l9z - TaRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + σ factor + DNA
  • Prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP complex with protein + DNA/RNA
    • 3aoh, 3aoi - TtRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + DNA + RNA + GFH1
    • 3t72 - EcRNAP subunit β + Pho box DNA + PhoB
    • 1lb2, 3n4m - EcRNAP subunit α + DNA + CAP
    • 1xs9 - EcRNAP subunit α + DNA + MARA
    • 5ciz - EcRNAP subunit α + DNA + CRP
    • 3n97 - EcRNAP subunit α C terminal + DNA + σ factor
    • 6c6u - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + NusG + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 6c6t, 6c6s - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + RFAH + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 6gov - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + NusB + antitermination protein + RS10 + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 6flq - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + NusA + DNA + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 6alg - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + NUN + DNA + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 6p19 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + protein Q + DNA + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 6jnx - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + protein Q + σ factor + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 6p18 - EcRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + protein Q + σ factor + DNA + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 6j9f - XoRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + P7 + DNA + RNA – Xanthomonas oryzae - Cryo EM
    • 6j9e - XoRNAP subunits α,β,β’,ω + P7 + DNA + RNA + NusA - Cryo EM
  • Prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP complex with small molecule
  • Viral DNA-dependent RNAP
    • 6ric – VvRNAP – vaccinia virus – Cryo EM
    • 6rid – VvRNAP + RNA + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 6rie – VvRNAP + mRNA capping enzyme + RNA + DNA – Cryo EM
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP I
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP II
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP II complex with DNA/RNA
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP II complex with protein
    • 3o2q, 3o2s – hRNAP II subunit α C-terminal + symplekin
    • 3j0k, 5iy6, 5iy7, 5iy8, 5iy9, 5iya, 5iyb, 5iyc, 5iyd – hRNAP II + TFIIF – Cryo EM
    • 2lto - hRNAP II subunit RPB1 + Tudor domain containing protein 3
    • 1pqv, 1y1v, 4bbr, 4bbs - yRNAP II + TFIIS
    • 1y1y - yRNAP II + TFIIS + DNA +RNA
    • 1r5u, 3k7a, 3k1f - yRNAP II + TFIIB
    • 4v1o, 5fyw, 5fz5, 5sva - yRNAP II + DNA + TIIF + TBP + mediator – Cryo EM
    • 2l0i – yRNAP C-terminal + RTT103 – NMR
    • 4bxx, 4bxz, 4by1, 4by7 – yRNAP II + RNA + DNA + transcription factor Bye1
    • 5vvr - yRNAP II + DNA + RNA + Rad26 – Cryo EM
    • 6gml – pRNAP II + RNA + DNA + DSIF + NELF – pig – Cryo EM
    • 6gmh – pRNAP II + RNA + DNA + DSIF + PAF + SPT6 – Cryo EM
    • 6exv – pRNAP II + RNA + DNA + amatoxin – Cryo EM
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP II complex with small molecule
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP III
    • 2xub, 2xv4 - hRNAP III subunits RPC3
    • 5afq - hRNAP III subunits RPC3 + RPC32B
    • 2dk8 – RNAP III RPC34 domain - mouse – NMR
    • 2dk5 – hRNAP III winged helix domain (mutant) – NMR
    • 2yu3 - hRNAP III winged helix domain
    • 2ckz, 5fj9, 5fja, 6eu3, 6eu2 - yRNAP III - Cryo EM
    • 5fj8, 6f41 - yRNAP III + DNA + RNA - Cryo EM
    • 6f44, 6f42, 6f40, 6eu1 - yRNAP III + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 6cnf, 6cnd, 6cnc, 6cnb - yRNAP III + DNA + TFIIIB – Cryo EM
    • 5xon - yRNAP III + DNA + RNA + TFIIB + SPT4 + SPT5 – Cryo EM
    • 5xog - yRNAP III + DNA + RNA + SPT5 + KOW5 + ELF1 – Cryo EM
    • 6eu0 - yRNAP III + DNA + TFIIIB + TATA-box-binding protein – Cryo EM
    • 3ayh - fyRNAP III subunit Rpc8+Rpc9
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP I+II+III
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP μ or DNA-directed DNA/RNA polymerase mu
  • Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNAP mitochondrial
    • 4boc – hRNAP + DNA
    • 6erq, 6erp – hRNAP + DNA + MTTFA + dimethyladenosine transferase
    • 3spa - hRNAP + polypeptide
  • Eukaryotic DNA primase
    • 4lik, 4mhq, 6rb4 - hDNAP small subunit
    • 3q36 – hDNAP large subunit
    • 5i7m – hDNAP large subunit (mutant)
    • 3l9q – hDNAP large subunit P58C domain
    • 5dqo – hDNAP large subunit P58C domain (mutant)
    • 4rr2 - hDNAP small + large subunit
    • 4bpu - hDNAP small (mutant) + large subunit
    • 4ehs – HpDNAP C terminal
    • 4lim, 4mm2 - yDNAP small subunit
    • 3lgb, 6di6, 6dhw - yDNAP large subunit Fe-S domain
    • 6du0, 6dtz, 6dtv, 6di2 - yDNAP large subunit Fe-S domain (mutant)
  • Eukaryotic DNA primase complex
    • 4lil - hDNAP small subunit + UTP
    • 6r4s - hDNAP small subunit + ATP
    • 6r5e, 6r5d, 6r4u, 6r4t - hDNAP small subunit + nucleoside analog
    • 5f0s, 5f0q – hDNAP large subunit C terminal + RNA
    • 4bpw - hDNAP small (mutant) + large subunit + UTP
    • 4bpx - hDNAP small (mutant) + DNA polymerase α catalytic subunit
    • 5exr - hDNAP small + large subunits + DNA polymerase α catalytic subunit


  • Bacterial DNA primase
    • 1d0q - GsDNAP zinc-binding domain - Geobacillus stearothermophilus
    • 1z8s - GsdnaG dnaB binding domain - NMR
    • 2haj - EcdnaG catalytic domain - NMR
    • 1t3w – EcdnaG C-terminal
    • 1eqn, 1dd9, 1dde – EcdnaG catalytic core
    • 5w33 - MtudnaG RPD 112-432
    • 5z51 - MtudnaG helicase-binding domain 482-637
    • 5vaz – dnaG – Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • 4im9 – VcdnaG C-terminal
    • 3m1m – DNAP RNA polymerase domain – Sulfolobus islandicus
    • 1zt2, 2pa8, 2pmz, 3hkz, 5ofn - SsDNAP small + large subunit – Sulfolobus solfataricus
    • 2au3 – DNAP zinc-binding and RNAP domains – Aquifex aeolicus
    • 1v33 - PhDNAP small subunit – Pyrocuccus horikoshii
    • 1g71 - PfDNAP small subunit
    • 4e2k – SaDNAP – Staphylococcus aureus
    • 2lzn – SaDNAP C terminal – NMR
    • 5guj – BsdnaG RNAP domain
  • Bacterial DNA primase complex
    • 2r6a, 2r6c - GsdnaG helicase binding domain + helicase
    • 4m4w - GsdnaG helicase binding domain + helicase + DnaI
    • 3b39 – EcdnaG catalytic domain + DNA
    • 5w36, 5w35, 5w34 - MtudnaG + DNA
    • 1v34 - PhDNAP small subunit + UTP
    • 4edg, 4edk, 4edr, 4edt, 4edv, 4ee1 – SaDNAP + nucleotide
    • 5of3 - SsDNAP small + large subunit + protein
  • RNA polymerase from Bacteriophage T7 or DNA primase/helicase or GP4
  • RNA-dependent RNAP
  • RNA-dependent RNAP complex with RNA
  • RNA-dependent RNAP complex with protein
    • 3phw, 2pt2, 3pt2 – HfRNAP + ubiquitin
    • 3phx, 3pse – HfRNAP + ISG15
    • 6u5o – HmpvRNAP L + phosphoprotein – Cryo EM
    • 6pzk – RNAP L + phosphoprotein – Human respiratory syncytial virus - Cryo EM
    • 6po2, 6pns – RNAP + VP3 – Bluetongue virus - Cryo EM
    • 2d7s, 2f8e – FmRNAP + VPG
    • 5y3d – MnvRNAP + VPG
    • 3cdw - CvRNAP + POP + VPG
    • 4f5x – SrRNAP + Vp2 + Vp6
    • 3zed – IpnvRNAP + capsid protein Vp3
    • 4hxd – RNAP L + polyubiquitin-C – Dugbe virus
    • 4r71 – RNAP b chain + EF-TS EF-TU + RPS1 – Enterobacteria phage qbeta
    • 5jze – RNAP + ISG15 – Erve virus
    • 6tz0, 6ty8 – BmcpvRNAP + Vp4 – Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus – Cryo EM
    • 6tz2, 6tz1, 6ty9, 5h0r – BmcpvRNAP + Vp4 – RNA – Cryo EM
    • 6ogy – RvARNAP + Vp2 + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 6k32 – RvARNAP + Vp1 + Vp4 + RNA – Cypovirus 1 - Cryo EM
  • RNA-dependent RNAP complex with small molecule
  • Influenza virus polymerase acidic protein (or PA or subunit P2) N terminal 1-198


  • Influenza virus polymerase basic protein 2 (or RNAP subunit P3 or PB2)); Domains: cap-binding 318-483; Cap-binding and midlink 247-536; 627 538-693; NLS 694-753
    • 4enf, 4u6o, 4j2r, 2vqz, 5ef9, 5eg9 – IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding domain
    • 3wi0 – IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding domain (mutant)
    • 3cw4 - IvRNAP PB2 627 + NLS domains
    • 2gmo - IvRNAP PB2 627 + NLS domains - NMR
    • 4eqk, 5efa, 5efc – IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding domain + GTP
    • 4nce, 3wi1 – IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding domain (mutant) + GTP derivative
    • 4ncm – IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding domain (mutant) + inhibitor
    • 4p1u, 4yd0, 5buh, 5jun, 5jur - IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding domain + inhibitor
    • 6euy, 6eux, 6euv - IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding + midlink domains + inhibitor
    • 5wl0 - IvRNAP PB2 cap-binding + midlink + 627 + NLS domains + inhibitor
    • 4uad, 4uae, 4uaf - IvRNAP PB2 + importin
    • 2vy6 - IvRNAP PB2 627 + NLS domains
    • 2vy7 - IvRNAP PB2 627 domain
    • 2vy8 - IvRNAP PB2 627 domain (mutant)
  • Influenza virus RNAP PA+PB1
    • 2znl - IvRNAP PA + PB1
    • 3cm8 - IvRNAP PA residues 256-716 + PB1 peptide
  • Influenza virus RNAP PA+PB2
    • 5fml - IvRNAP PA N terminal + PB2 NLS peptide
  • Influenza virus RNAP PB1+PB2
    • 2ztt, 3a1g - IvRNAP PB1 C terminal + RNAP PB2 N terminal
    • 3j9b - IvRNAP PB1+PB2 N terminal + RNA
  • Influenza virus RNAP PA+PB1+PB2 (subunits P1+p2+p3)
  • Poly(A) RNA polymerase
    • 3pq1 – hRNAP (mutant)
    • 4lt6 – hRNAP γ
    • 4nkt – SpRNAP (mutant) + UMPNPP
    • 4nku – SpRNAP (mutant) + RNA
    • 3nyb – yRNAP + AIR2
    • 4e7x, 4e80, 4e8f, 4ep7, 4fh3 – fyRNAP Cid1
    • 4fh5, 4fhp, 4fhv, 4fhw, 4fhy – fyRNAP Cid1 + nucleotide
    • 4ud4, 4ud5 - fyRNAP Cid1 (mutant)
    • 4fhx – fyRNAP Cid1 (mutant) + ATP
    • 4zrl – CeRNAP gld-2 + germline development defective 3 – Caenorhabidis elegans
    • 5jnb – CeRNAP gld-2 (mutant) + RNP-8

}}

References

  1. ↑ Cramer P, Armache KJ, Baumli S, Benkert S, Brueckner F, Buchen C, Damsma GE, Dengl S, Geiger SR, Jasiak AJ, Jawhari A, Jennebach S, Kamenski T, Kettenberger H, Kuhn CD, Lehmann E, Leike K, Sydow JF, Vannini A. Structure of eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Annu Rev Biophys. 2008;37:337-52. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.130008. PMID:18573085 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.130008
  2. ↑ Comai L. Mechanism of RNA polymerase I transcription. Adv Protein Chem. 2004;67:123-55. PMID:14969726 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3233(04)67005-7
  3. ↑ Hahn S. Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2004 May;11(5):394-403. PMID:15114340 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb763
  4. ↑ Longo DL, Herbert V. Radioassay for serum and red cell folate. J Lab Clin Med. 1976 Jan;87(1):138-51. PMID:1452
  5. ↑ Frick DN, Richardson CC. DNA primases. Annu Rev Biochem. 2001;70:39-80. PMID:11395402 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.39
  6. ↑ Naue N, Beerbaum M, Bogutzki A, Schmieder P, Curth U. The helicase-binding domain of Escherichia coli DnaG primase interacts with the highly conserved C-terminal region of single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Apr;41(8):4507-17. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt107. Epub 2013 Feb, 20. PMID:23430154 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt107
  7. ↑ Ahlquist P. RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, viruses, and RNA silencing. Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1270-3. PMID:12016304 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1069132
  8. ↑ Fukushi S, Kojima S, Takai R, Hoshino FB, Oka T, Takeda N, Katayama K, Kageyama T. Poly(A)- and primer-independent RNA polymerase of Norovirus. J Virol. 2004 Apr;78(8):3889-96. PMID:15047805

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